Beja and Arabs
Hofheinz, Albrecht. “Beja”. K. Fleet, G. Krämer, D. Matringe, J. Nawas and D. J. Stewart (eds.), Encyclopaedia of Islam Three Online . Brill, 2018. https://doi.org/10.1163/1573-3912_ei3_COM_24008 Web. “Contacts with Arab migrants and traders go back to antiquity but gained importance under Islam. After the Muslim conquest of Egypt, several truce agreements were made between Muslim governors in Egypt and the Beja (first in about 111/730, then in 216/831); these attest to a gradually increasing Arab Muslim penetration of the Beja lands for commerce and for exploitation of the rediscovered gold and emerald mines around al-Fawākhīr (east of Qifṭ) and Wādī al-ʿAllāqī (mid-third/ninth to sixth-eighth/twelfth-fourteenth centuries), as well as at least nominal claims of suzerainty over (and tribute from) the Beja. Arab chroniclers and travellers recorded a growing amount of information on the Beja; most notable is the account by Ibn Sulaym al-Asw...